Uit: The Medievalverse.
There have been many previous studies of the Carolingian army, but none examining the ninth-century armies which faced the Viking invasions. Earlier works have tended to focus on the age of expansion in the eighth century, particularly the capitularies and campaigns of Charlemagne.
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Uit de Medievalverse Newsletter
The Earliest Viking Activity in England?
By Clare Downham
Published: 15 April 2017
Enkele fragmenten:
Offa’s privilege of 792 may present an innovation in mentioning the obligations of raising an army, bridge-building and the construction of fortresses in a Kentish context. But these three burdens had been mentioned in earlier Mercian charters from the mid-eighth century, albeit without mention of pagans.
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In Francia, Alcuin reported that vikings were marauding the coasts of Aquitaine in 799.
It may have been in response to these attacks that Charlemagne travelled to the Frankish coast in 800 to build a fleet and set up guards in various places.
The Royal Frankish Annals reported that in 810 Charlemagne gathered an army near Bremen to defend against a fleet of two hundred Danish ships which had ravaged Frisia and imposed a tribute there after winning victory in three battles.
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In 811, only a year after the islands of Frisia had been laid waste by a large viking fleet. In the same year Charlemagne visited Boulogne to inspect a defensive fleet he had ordered to be prepared, and he had the lighthouse at Boulogne restored. The evidence suggests a pattern of viking activity and defensive reaction along the southern margins of the North Sea leading into the English channel.
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Four charters from Christ Church Canterbury issued from 811 to 822 make further reference to defence against ‘pagans’. Their wording echoes Offa’s privilege of 792 in that the allusions to ‘pagans’ appear in clauses listing the obligations of army service, bridge work and fortress-building. Two of the charters in question were issued in 811, only a year after the islands of Frisia had been laid waste by a large viking fleet. In the same year Charlemagne visited Boulogne to inspect a defensive fleet he had ordered to be prepared, and he had the lighthouse at Boulogne restored.
